Basel Norms
Basel Norms
BASEL NORMS: The birth of the Basel banking norms is attributed to the incorporation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), established by the central bank of the G-10 countries in 1974. This came into being under the patronage of Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Basel, Switzerland. The Committee formulates guidelines and provides recommendations on banking regulation based on capital risk, market risk and operational risk. The Committee was formed in response to the chaotic liquidation of Herstatt Bank, based in Cologne, Germany in 1974.
Basel I: In 1988, BCBS introduced capital measurement system called Basel capital accord, also called as Basel I. It focused almost entirely on credit risk. It defined capital and structure of risk weights for banks. The minimum capital requirement was fixed at 8% of risk weighted assets (RWA). RWA means assets with different risk profiles. Apart from focusing on the credit risk, the committee also issued Market Risk Amendment to the capital accord in January 1996, which came into effect at the end of 1997. The reason for such an amendment arose from banks' market risk exposures to foreign exchange, debt securities, equities, commodities and options.
Features of Basel I: The Basel I Accord attempted to create a cushion against credit risk. The norm comprised of four pillars, namely Constituents of Capital, Risk Weighting, Target Standard Ratio, and Transitional and Implementing Arrangements.
Basel II: Basel II was fundamentally conceived as a result of two triggers – the banking crises of the 1990s on the one hand, and the criticisms of Basel I itself on the other. In the year 1999, the Basel Committee proposed a new, far more thorough capital adequacy accord. Formally, the accord was known as A Revised Framework on International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards (hereinafter referred to as Basel II). The new framework was designed to improve the way regulatory capital requirements reflect the underlying risks for addressing the recent financial innovation. Also, this framework focuses on the continuous improvements in risk measurement and control. For successful implementation of the new capital framework across borders, the committee's Supervision and Implementation Group (SIG) communicates with the supervisors outside the committee's membership through its contacts with regional associations. The new framework neatly retained the 'pillar' framework of basel 1, yet crucially expanded the scope and specifies of Basel I.
Basel II aimed to measure the risk-weighted (RWAs) of a bank more carefully. This revised framework placed forth three methodologies to determine the risk rating of a bank's assets- the Standardised Approach and two Internal Ratings Based Approaches.
Basel III: Basel II indeced had its share of criticism. To begin with, the Basel Committee declared that the committee's recommendations were for G-10 member states. This leaves out emerging economies, andoanks might not be stringent enough in regulating private banks, thus letting them raise their exposure - defeating the entire purpose. The issues surrounding Basel II together contributed to emergence of the Basel II accord. The essence of Basel III revolves around two sets of compliance:
While good quality of capital will ensure stable long-term sustenance, compliance with liquidity covers will increase ability to withstand short-term economic and financial stress.
Students / Parents Reviews [10]
Abhyas is a complete education Institute. Here extreme care is taken by teacher with the help of regular exam. Extra classes also conducted by the institute, if the student is weak.
Om Umang
10thMy experience with Abhyas is very good. I have learnt many things here like vedic maths and reasoning also. Teachers here first take our doubts and then there are assignments to verify our weak points.
Shivam Rana
7thOne of the best institutes to develope a child interest in studies.Provides SST and English knowledge also unlike other institutes. Teachers are co operative and friendly online tests andPPT develope practical knowledge also.
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thIt was a good experience with Abhyas Academy. I even faced problems in starting but slowly and steadily overcomed. Especially reasoning classes helped me a lot.
Cheshta
10thIt has a great methodology. Students here can get analysis to their test quickly.We can learn easily through PPTs and the testing methods are good. We know that where we have to practice
Barkha Arora
10thI have spent a wonderful time in Abhyas academy. It has made my reasoning more apt, English more stronger and Maths an interesting subject for me. It has given me a habbit of self studying
Yatharthi Sharma
10thAbhyas Methodology is very good. It is based on according to student and each child manages accordingly to its properly. Methodology has improved the abilities of students to shine them in future.
Manish Kumar
10thIt was good as the experience because as we had come here we had been improved in a such envirnment created here.Extra is taught which is beneficial for future.
Eshan Arora
8thAbout Abhyas metholodology the teachers are very nice and hardworking toward students.The Centre Head Mrs Anu Sethi is also a brilliant teacher.Abhyas has taught me how to overcome problems and has always taken my doubts and suppoeted me.
Shreya Shrivastava
8thMy experience was very good with Abhyas academy. I am studying here from 6th class and I am satisfied by its results in my life. I improved a lot here ahead of school syllabus.
